Birner", "Mathias Palme", "Anton Skart", "Theodor Schwarz", and "Pantarhei"; 16 May 1864 – 2 April 1937) was an Austrian writer and journalist, Jewish thinker and nationalist.
His life had three main phases, representing a progression in his thinking: a Zionist phase (c.
1883 – c.
1900); a Jewish cultural autonomy phase (c.
1900 – c.
1914) which included the promotion of the Yiddish language; and religious phase (c.
1914–1937) when he turned to Orthodox Judaism and became staunchly anti-Zionist.
He married Rosa Korngut (1869–1934) and they had three sons: Solomon (Salomo) Birnbaum (1891–1989), Menachem Birnbaum (1893–1944), and Uriel Birnbaum (1894–1956).