Matthias Christian Sprengel (24 August 1746, in Rostock – 7 January 1803, in Halle an der Saale) was a German geographer and historian.
He was notably the author of works on North American history, the American Revolution and Maratha history.
He studied history at the University of Göttingen as a pupil of August Ludwig von Schlözer.
In 1778 he became an associate professor, and during the following year, relocated to the University of Halle as a full professor of history.
At Halle he worked closely with Johann Reinhold Forster, who in time, became Sprengel's father-in-law.From 1800 onward, he was editor of Bibliothek der neuesten und wichtigsten Reisebeschreibungen ("Library of the latest and most important travelogues").