Fanny Efimovna Kaplan (Russian: ??´??? ???´????? ?????´?; real name Feiga Haimovna Roytblat, ????? ???????? ????????; February 10, 1890 – September 3, 1918) was a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party who allegedly tried to assassinate Vladimir Lenin.
As a member of the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), Kaplan viewed Lenin as a "traitor to the revolution" when the Bolsheviks banned her party.
On 30 August 1918, she approached Lenin as he was leaving a Moscow factory, and fired three shots, badly injuring him.
Interrogated by the Cheka, she refused to name any accomplices, and was shot on 3 September.
The Kaplan attempt and the Moisei Uritsky assassination provoked the Soviet government to reinstitute the death penalty after its abolition on October 28th, 1917.