Claude Meillassoux (; French: [m?jasu]; December 26, 1925 – January 3, 2005) was a French neo-Marxist economic anthropologist and Africanist.
Meillassoux, a student of Georges Balandier, did fieldwork among the Guro (Gouro) of Côte d'Ivoire: his thesis was published in 1964.
In the 1970s he criticised Marshall Sahlins's use of the notion of "domestic mode of production".
Meillassoux was throughout his life a politically committed critic of social injustice.