Jarmila Kratochvílová (Czech pronunciation: ['jarm?la 'kratoxvi?lova?] (listen); born 26 January 1951, in Golcuv Jeníkov) is a Czech former track and field athlete.
She won the 400 metres and 800 metres at the 1983 World Championships, setting a world record in the 400 m.
In 1983, she also set the world record for the 800 metres, which still stands and which is currently the longest-standing individual world record in athletics.
Only two athletes, Pamela Jelimo of Kenya, in 2008, and Caster Semenya of South Africa, in 2018, have come within a second of Kratochvílová's mark since it was set.