Maurice Armand Chaper (13 February 1834, Dijon – 5 July 1896, Vienna) was a French geologist and mining engineer.
He received his education at the École Polytechnique and École des Mines, afterwards working at jobs for the railroads and public works.
He enlisted in the National Guard during the Franco-Prussian War, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the 38th Regiment.