Elizabeth Scott Matheson (6 January 1866 – 15 January 1958) was a Canadian physician, who completed her medical studies in 1898, and though recognized by government as the district doctor, the Northwest Territories College of Physicians and Surgeons refused to issue her a license.
She returned to school and was again refused a license until 1904 when it was finally granted.
Having served from 1892 to 1918 at the Onion Lake mission in Saskatchewan, Matheson became the assistant medical officer for the public school system of Winnipeg from 1918 until her retirement in 1941.