In 1867 he was appointed surgeon to the "Bureau central", later working at the Hôpital de Lourcine (1871) and the Hôpital Saint-Antoine (from 1872).
In 1880 he became a professor of surgical pathology, followed by a professorship in clinical surgery (1890).In the late 19th century he provided a comprehensive description of periarthritis of the shoulder, a condition known today as scapulohumeral periarthritis, and sometimes referred to as "Duplay's disease".
With German surgeon Karl Thiersch (1822-1895), his name is associated with an operation for repair of distal hypospadias (Thiersch-Duplay technique).
He is also credited with creation of a nasal speculum.
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