Émile Maupas (2 July 1842 in Vaudry – 18 October 1916 in Algiers) was a French librarian, zoologist and botanist.
A student at the École des chartes, he later worked as an archivist (from 1867).
In 1890 he was named as an administrator-curator at the Bibliothèque nationale d'Alger.
He was a correspondent member of the Académie des Sciences.Maupas first described Caenorhabditis elegans in 1900 and isolated it from soil in Algeria.
The annelid genus Maupasia is named after him, as is the ascarid genus Maupasiella (synonym Maupasina Seurat, 1913).