He was a nephew to pathologist Gaspard Laurent Bayle (1774–1816).
He studied medicine in Paris, and worked as an interne under Antoine-Athanase Royer-Collard (1768–1825) at the Charenton mental asylum.
He resigned from this position in 1834 and opened a private practice.
In 1822 Bayle was the first physician to provide a comprehensive description of general paresis, which is sometimes referred to as paralytic dementia, general paralysis of the insane, or "maladie de Bayle" in medical literature.