At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's 800 metres.
She won a bronze medal at the 2013 European Athletics Indoor Championships in the 800 metres.
In August 2014, Arzamasova won 2014 European Athletics Championships in the 800 metres in a European leading time of 1:58.15.
One year later she became world champion in the 800 metres at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing.Her mother, Ravilya Agletdinova was also a middle-distance runner and won the 1500 m European title in 1986 – an achievement which Arzamasava repeated.In August 2019, Arzamasova was provisionally suspended after testing positive for the banned steroid-like substance LGD-4033.