Eliška Misáková (12 October 1926 in Kojetice - 14 August 1948 in London) was a Czech gymnast who was selected to attend the 1948 Summer Olympics.
She was diagnosed with poliomyelitis upon arrival in London, and isolated in a local hospital ward.
Her place on the team was taken by Vera Ružicková.
Misáková died during the competition; the Czechoslovak team, including her sister Miloslava, went on to earn the gold medal.
Their flag was raised at the medal ceremony with a black border of mourning, and Misáková became the only athlete to ever be awarded a posthumous Olympic medal.