He was born at the Château de Laeken, near Brussels, Belgium.
He was created Count of Flanders on 14 December 1840, and on his 18th birthday in 1855 he received the Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold.He was the heir presumptive to the Belgian throne, from 1869 (upon the death of his nephew) until his own death in 1905.
In 1866, after the abdication of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Prince of Romania, he refused being named the new Romanian sovereign, and the throne was later accepted by Carol I.
Earlier, Philippe had also refused the crown of Greece, which was offered to him in 1862.