Burton is an American historian, and Professor of History and Bastian Professor of Global and Transnational Studies at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Along with Catherine Hall, Mrinalini Sinha, and Tony Ballantyne her work has helped define the "new imperial history".
With Tony Ballantyne she has helped define a new approach to world history that focuses on colonialism, race and gender.
On November 23, 2015, Burton was named Chair of the University of Illinois' search for a permanent Chancellor after the resignation of Phyllis Wise.