Gustav Albert Peter (21 August 1853 in Gumbinnen – 4 October 1937 in Göttingen) was a German botanist.
In 1874 he received his doctorate from the University of Königsberg, and later on, worked as a curator at the botanical garden in Munich.
From 1888 to 1923 he was a professor at the University of Göttingen, where he also served as director of the botanical garden.From 1913 he 1919 he collected plants in German South-West Africa, South Africa and especially German East Africa, then later in 1925/26 he was engaged in another botanical expedition in Africa.
In 1936 his herbarium of roughly 50,000 plants was acquired by the Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum.
The plant genus Peterodendron (family Achariaceae) was named in his honor by Hermann Otto Sleumer.Peter's daughter Hedwig was married to Leo Rosenberg.