James Maitland Balfour (5 January 1820 – 23 February 1856) was a Scottish land-owner and businessman.
He made a fortune in the 19th-century railway boom, and inherited a significant portion of his father's great wealth.
He was a Conservative Member of Parliament in the 1840s, and was the father of Prime Minister Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour.