Calder was educated in New Zealand (Milton local school and the Otago Boys' High School in Dunedin 1876-77), and then attended Otago University.
He became a cadet in the Government Survey Department in October 1883 and after five years of practical training, he passed the authorized surveyors' examination with credit in July 1888, and was responsible for much road construction and exploration in the North and South islands of the Dominion.